The ethical appraisal of the scientific paper which is about placeobo Essay

The ethical appraisal of the scientific paper which is about placeobo uploaded - Essay Example This paper discusses one such experiment conducted on live human subjects with use of a sham acupuncture device and an inert pill (composed mostly of starch and colored blue); the objective of the experiment was to determine the placebo effects and also measure how its supposedly enhanced effects can possibly alter the course of the ailment, which was persistent arm pain (upper extremities) due to repetitive use strain injury (Kaptchuk et al. 1). Issues on ethics are examined in the way this experiment was conducted, selection of participants, how informed consent was obtained, and other related ethical issues which might adversely affect them. In terms of selection of potential participants, the study was conducted in an ethical manner as all selected participants were willing to join the study; this means participation was voluntary, and they can opt out at any time they want at any period during the study. Further, all of them were informed of the probable side effects (pain aggravation for acupuncture and dryness of the mouth, dizziness, sleepiness and restlessness for amitriptyline) and so informed consent was properly obtained all throughout the recruitment process (ibid. 2). A study physician was always assigned and present for the duration of the research study to ensure safety of subjects, such as if they ever experienced nocebo or any side effects whatsoever. Moreover, the study authors intentionally shortened the run-in period from the original four weeks to two weeks to minimize any possible harm that might result if the participants were deprived of actual treatment for longer periods. However, an ethical ques tion is always raised by the use of placebo treatments, because the sick participants were deprived of the treatments that could have cured them of the disease or at least minimized their pain or symptoms. This was actually what happened, as several participants within the

Homework questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Homework questions - Essay Example Both parties, therefore, had the capacity to enter into the agreement. In the case, it is clear that all the obligations were met by the promise and the bargain is to be honored thereof. Sidway should respect the agreement and follow what Story had said. The issue here is whether a valid contract was written between the two parties in question and the suit entities on promissory estoppel theory. The theory explains that; if a person makes a false statement to another and the recipient relies on it in good faith and to his disadvantage, then the court treats the statement as a promise in order to provide justice. Medister, which is a real estate developer entered into a considerable contract with Dr. Schmidt, who offered the contract to develop the Texas Centre for athletes. The contract was considerable since the contractor accepted and was in a position to perform the work he contracted with the amount of money agreed. In analyzing the case it is clear that Dr. Schmidt gave an assurance to the contractor on full work completion, it was, therefore, reasonable for the contractor to rely on the assurance. Prevention of injustice is the imperative idea in this case, and injustice can be prevented only by enforcing the assurance of Dr. Schmidt. Medister is entitled to complete the project they contracted. The uprising issue in this case is whether the two parties entered into a valid agreement and contract between them. The fact is that Kathy left his car to be serviced by Freddie at any agreed contract on the cost. Freddie had an obligation of repairing the car at any cost that he deemed think was fit. In this scenario, the parties did not have a valid contract between them that was to stipulate how the business was to be undertaken; it is, therefore, a quasi-contract. In quasi-contract, the court has an obligation to prevent unjust enrichment. The bill that Freddie has given Kathy seemed to be high as compared to the repair that has been made.

Learning-Centered Teaching Essay Example for Free

Learning-Centered Teaching Essay John J. Sparkes presents a clear discussion or argument about the learning-centered approach to teaching as a means to address the need to draw distinctions between different styles, approaches, techniques, etc. of learning. This thought is motivated by the diversity of learners and the varying influences of the learning environment and experiences to learners. Sparkes learning-centered approach to teaching looks into considering the nature or characteristics of learners and the dimensions of learning in terms of determining what learning strategies, approaches, techniques, methods, materials, and such to incorporate to pedagogical processes in order to result to the definitive meaning of learning. Sparkes also suggests that learning-centered teaching is all about the process of adopting or assuming various types of teaching methods and implementing them within learning situations and environments that suit the structure of each method. (Sparkes, 1999) Aside from the established teaching methods, learning-centered teaching, which looks into the accomplishment of the purpose of learning, should also considered various learning needs that facilitate the obtainment of knowledge, skills, and competencies constituting the learning goals and objectives. The different structures of learning subjects and materials bring about the need to consider various learning needs as the ability of a learner to obtain knowledge and skills depends upon the content of the learning material. Sparkes argued that the learning goal or objective of understanding concepts requires varied processes depending on the course or subject of learning. For instance, understanding concepts in English and literature requires comprehension of reading materials while concepts in Science and Mathematics requires the discernment of problem-solving strategies and processes through the application of the theories and models learned. (Sparkes, 1999) In addition, Sparkes discussed individual differences, in terms of how learners are able to grasp the learning content and materials according to their own pace and expectations of how the learning process and environment should be. Moreover, the capability of individuals to learn are relative to their desired learning situations – that is, the kind of learning environments, situations, and materials that they would feel comfortable with resulting to their internal and external motivation to learn and engage in the teaching-learning process. (Sparkes, 1999) Sparkes view of the learning in this particular discussion shows how he considers the dimensions of learning realistically, looking into the emotional, psychological, social, physical, and moral features of the learners are distinct and unique individuals and requiring the need to design the teaching-learning process to adapt to these human distinctiveness in order to facilitate successful learning processes. Sparkes presented a comprehensive, reliable, and valid discussion of how the landscape of pedagogy should be structured. The teaching-learning process is fueled by the mission, goal, objective, or purpose not only to transmit knowledge but also to motivate the comprehension of knowledge and information for practical application in real-life situations or experiences. The product of learning should result to desirable changes to one’s thoughts and ideas and contributions to the community for nation-building and the enrichment of the global society as a whole. Due to this highly significant purpose of the teaching-learning process, the practice of teaching and the learning experiences should ensure that it fulfills what is tasked to do in terms of transferring knowledge and skills and motivating the drive to utilize knowledge purposefully and meaningfully. Sparkes recommendations address these needs and requirements for successful teaching and learning. Sparkes covered various considerations that academic and teaching professionals should consider. I believe that the presentation of the different considerations to the teaching-learning process will contribute to the development of pedagogy. Sparkes article is a valuable resource material for understanding the complex nature of learning and the learners and the arrival to various teaching methods, strategies, approaches, techniques, and such that will fit every learning situation or environment appropriately. Learning to adjust pedagogy to the learning and situation, particularly the uniqueness of the learners, instead of vice versa, ensures that the teaching-learning process will result to what it intends to produce as outcomes for the benefit of the learners and society. Sparkes overall purpose for presenting his text was to directly structure how the teaching-learning process should be designed, eliminating the â€Å"trial-and-error† process of applying various teaching methods, observing it, determining flaws, and redesigning it to diminish the errors or mistake in the method, and such. For Sparkes, doing so will leave behind many errors that will be difficult to reverse once it leaves its mark especially to learners. Sparkes is vitally concerned about redirecting the path of the teaching-learning process so as not to maintain the learning landscape as a ground for experiment since it would be detrimental to implement imperfect teaching procedures or methods as it will affect how learners are going to grasp concepts and learning materials. Therefore, Sparke’s discussions are not only intended for the purpose of guiding the teaching-learning process, but also how educational goals and objectives and the curricula should be designed. Overall, Sparke’s discussions presents an the need to overhaul the dimensions and structure of education and pedagogy to eliminate detrimental errors and flaws.

Primary Dysmenorrhea Essay examples -- Health, Gynecological Problems

Primary dysmenorrhea refers to the occurrence of painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin by a hyper secretion of endometrial prostaglandins and is a gynecological complaint.Common treatment for this problem is medical therapy such as mefenamic acid (NSAIDs drugs) or oral contraceptive pills which both work by reducing myometrial activity. One of useful herbal agents to reducing potential dysmenorrhea is fennel. In this randomized clinical trial (RCT) study was compared fennel drop with mefenamic acid for reducing pain of primary dysmenorrhea. Sixty college students with moderate dysmenorrhea were randomly selected and flowed up two cycle.29 Of 30 students continue the study in study group and 30 students reminded in control group. In first month no extra medications used, but in second month in study group was taken fennel drop (25 drop every 6 hour) and they can use mefenamic acid if necessary. According to this study, it seems that fennel oil can be effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhea bur malodor and bad taste were not acceptable for most of the volunteers. Key word: fennel, primary dysmenorrhea, herbal drug. Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems in Women(Marjoribanks, Proctor et al. 2003; Lefebvre, Pinsonneault et al. 2005(Harel 2006)). More than 70% of Iranian females experience painful menstruation (PANAHANDEH, Pakzad et al. 2008) .Between 50% till 80% of females reported some levels of discomfort associated with mens , and 20% report sever dysmenorrhea.(Proctor and Farquhar 2007).Primary dysmenorrhea a condition associated with ovulatory cycles, is due to myometrium contractions induced by prostaglandins in the second half of menstrual cycle. Many women e... ...romi study one of thirty case had more bleeding. Akhavan Amjadi in her investigation showed there is no significance difference between severity bleeding in fennel user ( Akhavan amjadi ).she showedThe essence of fennel can be used as a safe and effective herbal drug for primary dysmenorrhea, however, it may have a lower potency than mefenamic acid in the dosages used for this study. in our cases they can use mefenamic acid when fennel drops were not effective enough and support Akhavan amjadi finding. Smith reported in one trial acupuncture reduced mestural symptom compared with Chinese herbs.(Smith, Zhu et al. 2011) Khodakrami showed both mefenamic acid and herbal drugs effectively relieved dysmenorrhea as compared with the placebo. She suggested more clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of fennel (Khodakrami Nahid, Fariborz et al. 2008).

People talk of natural sympathies Essay

A running theme from Charlotte Bronte throughout her novel, Jane Eyre is the idea, I have previously used that ‘conventionality is not morality’. This idea is continued throughout the novel. It would be thought, in the Victorian era far more conventional for Jane and Rochester to just be Governess and Master; however Jane, throughout the novel, rejects the norm for what she believes to be morally correct, and this is why she could ‘never unlove him;’ she believes, despite what society thinks, something that her late friend Helen Burns taught her, that they are in fact a good match. From their first meeting it would be easy to say that Jane and Rochester aren’t well matched and there are various reasons for this is. The moment that Rochester appears into Jane’s life the weather is ‘cold’ and the wind had ‘froze keenly’ highlighting the Gothic nature of Rochester and the fact that it would be seem completely unconventional for Jane to ever love this man. The atmosphere of the lane reflects Rochester. There is a mystery and suspense that Jane creates due to her love and certainty of the supernatural world, such as stating that the object that is moving towards her has no name, she says ‘it approached’. The fact that she refuses to believe that this object could be a person shows her willingness for a supernatural incident. As we can see from her assumption that Rochester’s dog is the ‘Gytrash’, her imagination is full of fiends, and the fact that she is sensitive to omens becomes important later in the novel. Jane’s imagination works overtime in this scene and she starts becoming very stereotypical of women in this Victorian Ear, irrational. Bronte builds the tension for the reader by leading us to believe that Jane’s ‘fancies’ are ‘bright and dark’. At the beginning of this scene Jane is sitting on a style, which indicates that she is in liminal, in between two worlds. You could say she is in liminal about whether she can love this man. Rochester appears onto the scene fast and subsequently falls off his horse which could suggest Jane falls off her fence, as the barrier between this man is broken due to his pathetic fall of his steed. A man should not fall from his horse therefore Bronte is showing us that both characters here are unconventional and therefore in this opening scene between them we can assume that, yes they are well matched. Rochester’s character presents a cold exterior with the ‘roughness of the traveller’. His arrival is somewhat of an anti-climax, there is no warmth brought by him and no thanks to Jane for her concentration throughout the scene. The hint of his Byronic characteristics creates a certain appeal for Jane. She is reflecting on the man she has just seen, she describes him as ‘masculine, dark, strong, stern’. This is, I think we have to remember the first time Jane has interacted by herself with a man older than herself. He is broody and moody, Jane finds an allure to this nature about Rochester. Although Jane hasn’t made her mind up whether she likes him or not yet, it is ironic to remember that Jane is writing from the position that she is presently married to him, though she tries to convey her meeting with him as well as she can. On that note, it is worth mentioning that Jane does end up marrying Rochester, therefore with the images Bronte is feeding us, they must be ‘well-matched’. The scene in which Jane and Rochester meet for the first time is dramatic and its outcome, when he finds that ‘necessity compels me to make you useful’, foreshadows his ultimate dependence on her later in the book. Again, it is significant that they meet over ice, and that later she finds the fires lit at Thornfield where the grates had stood empty. Indeed, until Rochester comes, to return to the house is ‘to return to stagnation’. Jane does not want the trappings of conventional femininity, as she says herself, she is ‘becoming incapable of appreciating’ the ‘very privileges of security and ease’ her job at Thornfield will be given to her. Under his power she will begin to melt and unlearn much of her Lowood reserve, while for her he will renounce his wandering ways. In the second meeting Jane’s ideas about Rochester are reinforced, as she and we see him in more detail. His physical appearance is very attractive to Jane such as his ‘jetty eyebrows†¦sweep (hair flows back) of black hair†¦decisive nose†¦.. ,grim mouth’. Although she find these attractive, is it for the right reasons. These are all very strong mysterious features. Is it the attractiveness of Mr Rochester or the feeling of danger that lures Jane. Though, Jane believes that Rochester’s ‘superiority depends on the use [he has] made of his time and experience. ’ Not just a financial difference. Jane believes that she has achieved more than him albeit with less money. So although there may be ‘twenty years difference in age’ and a huge contrast in their experiences, Jane claims that all of this is irrelevant whether they are socially equal does not matter. What is important for Jane, however, is that they are well-matched in character and personality. Despite this, it is interesting how Bronte allows the reader to explore the complicated and liminal social position of a governess who is not expected to ask questions let alone be on equal status of masters, like Rochester. Not for the first time in this bildungsroman Jane becomes a character of ambiguous class standing, much like Mary Wolfstencraft wanted, but although Jane may not be Rochester’s social equal she is certainly his intellectual equal. Mr Rochester is a Romantic, almost Byronic, figure that is shown to be forceful and independent; in this respect he is in part Jane’s alter ego. A Byronic hero is so called after the poet Lord Byron, and this term is especially apt as it refers to a charismatic yet brooding and misanthropic character. Jane and Rochester’s convincing witty banter brings both character’s alive, with fire. She may have feminine accomplishments, but she is as unconventional and strong-minded as he is and can always match his blow for blow in any conversation, Rochester often refers to Jane as a fairy, a sprite and an imp, ‘when you came on me in Hay Lane last night, I thought unaccountably of fairy tales’. This is not per chance, Bronte has deliberately created this line for Rochester to show the reader that even in, a subconscious level they are thinking alike, they are ‘well-matched’ Rochester has wealth, a high social class, far more age and experience and is male, however he is determined to ignore all of these superiorities and take notice only of Jane’s inner-spirit and personality. This shows the extent of Rochester’s unconventionality, and this irregularity of character is what really allows their relationship to develop. Jane and the Witch’s conversation begins in a way that mirrors a conversation that she had with Mr Brocklehurst. ‘You’ve a quick ear’ ‘I have; a quick eye and a quick brain’. The conversation between the Fortune Teller (Rochester) and Jane becomes more intimate who stirs the fire to light her up, though she complains that the fire ‘scorches me’. This shows that although not perfect, as a couple they are fairly well matched. This also further suggests Rochester kindles passion in Jane. His reading of nature, of the way ‘passion may rage furiously†¦but judgement shall have the last word in every argument’ tells us that he is a close observer of Jane and captures every essences of her character. Later, when she leaves she is angry, at the way her story has been stolen from her by the Witch, though she now knows is Rochester. But, this is their most intimate encounter between them to date. Although it would be easy to say that Jane and Rochester are not ‘well matched’ due to, primarily, complications that their difference in social class produce, Rochester is very quick to remove these layers of unnecessary complications, as well as letting Jane ‘learn to be more natural’. By removing these obstacles, the reader begins to see how ‘well matched’ they are; they both have the similar moral values, and ‘are intellectual equals’ with Jane matching Rochester in any argument, which is what Blanche Ingram, with all her ‘beauty and accomplishments’ lacks. A sense of originality, which Jane possesses. Conventionality would have forbidden their relationship and it would have never become anything more that strictly professional, but as it is both are extremely unconventional they were, therefore wiling to break the stereotype in that era of having a marriage for financial resources, and it is therefore fair to say that they are, in fact, ‘well-matched’.

The Process of Mongol Invasions of Japan

The Process of Mongol invasions of Japan As soon as Koryeo (Korean Dynasty) had succumbed to Mongolia, Kublai Khan sent ambassadors through the Koryeo Dynasty to convey the meaning of friendship in 1268. The Japanese government was encouraged to send a reply, but the Hojo clan who was shikken(ruler) refused and also didn’t send a reply. Later, the Mongol government sent an envoy many times, but the Japanese rejected the demands of Mongolia. Finally, the war started. There were three invasions of Mongolia.The First invasion was in November 1274, the Mongolian troops first invaded Japan with Koryeo of Kimbanggyeog leading the Korean Dynasty army and Yuan Holdon leading the Mongol army, using 900 vessels ships and 40,000 military soldiers. They started to invade Happo ( , Masan) and then Tsushima(? ?) in October 5th. After 9 days, they raided Iquique(? ?) and arrived at the Hakata seaport of Kyushu. Finally, they annihilated Hirado (? ) Â · Takashi ? Do (? ?)and then retreated t he next day.There is a claim that they retreated because of a storm, but it wasn’t the season for storms or seasonal typhoons from cyclones. Additionally, the Japanese don’t have the record to support this. It’s common opinion that the Mongol government had the purpose of establishing a country with military action in Japan. The second invasion was in 1281. Koryeo troops led the second invasion. They failed completely because of a typhoon. The defeat was caused by lack of awareness about the Japanese climate of the maritime.There were other reasons. The first reason was stiff resistance from the Japanese Kamakura Shogunate who held the regime at the time. Secondly, Mongolia couldn’t focus on the conquest of Japan because of Mongolian domestic matters. Ultimately, the Mongolians prepared the third conquest, but there was a rebellion in the Song Dynasty. That’s why the invasion was cancelled. The results of Mongol invasions in Japan In Mongolia, The Japanese conquest was a good strategy from the Mongol government to develop.During the process of the development and growth of the Mongol empire, Kublai Khan’s ruling was an important turning point. It was an opportunity to convert from a nomadic country to an agricultural country and also from undeveloped grasslands to autonomous central country. Even if the Mongols didn’t start the Japanese conquest, Mongolia was powerful enough and was equipped to become a world empire but the plan failed. If the Mongolians had success in the Japanese invasion, it would have built the most powerful universal empire in the history of mankind but it didn’t happen.They failed twice and the third time they abandoned the invasion in the middle of the Japanese occupation . It caused them to feel pressure in the administration and the effect was division in the country. The gigantic empire disappeared just after 70 years. The Japanese had the biggest national crisis because of the large-scale invasion of the Mongol-koryeo troops. In Japan, the first Japanese occupation is called the ‘Inverse of Moon young’ and the second one is called ‘Inverse of Red Face’.Japan succeeded in protecting the country during the first two big invasions but the economy suffered a vast blow. The Japanese could control the warriors by mobilizing them across the country during the Mongolian invasions. However, they suffered economic damages because of the huge military. On the one hand, they were affected in emotional aspects. First, they prayed for victory. This showed people’s shock and anxiety for the second invasion. Secondly, the ‘kamikaje’ word appeared. Kamikaje means god and wind. This reminds the Japanese that thanks to a typhoon they were saved.

Career Essay Registered Nurse †Creative Writing Paper (100 Level Course)

Career Essay Registered Nurse – Creative Writing Paper (100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Career Essay Registered Nurse Creative Writing Paper(100 Level Course) The career of an RN interests me because I think it’s not something that I would be bored with, and I’ll always be learning new things on the job.The duties and responsibilities are as follows: providing direct patient care, presenting health information to large groups of people, performing emergency procedures, managing many other nurses in teaching hospitals and doing research in universities. There are four general duties a RN does on a daily basis. The first duty is evaluating a patient’s physical, mental and emotional health. Also an RN’s job is to take vital sings. The second duty is designing and carrying out a treatment plan for the patient. Also bandaging wounds, giving medicine and injections that need to be given. The third duty is to monitor the results of the patient’s treatment to make sure it’s working and the patient is happy with it. Also a RN tells patients about they’re medical options and health issues such as nutrition and personal hygiene. The last duty is to complete and organize records about the patients. There is quite a difference in duties between senior and junior RN’s, however all nurses are responsible for their patients. Senior nurses have more experience. All nurses still need to know what to do whether they are a senior or junior nurses. RN’s go through four years of university, they earn a degree called BScN. I’m going to start with high school first. Courses suggested for grade nine are English, Math, Science, Social Studies, Creative Arts, Computer, French and Physical Education. Courses suggested for grade ten are English, Math, Science, Social Studies, Career and Civics. Courses suggest for grade eleven are English U, Math U, Biology U, Chemistry U and Physics U. Courses suggested for grade twelve are English U, one of: Advanced Functions U, Introductory to Calculus U, Geometry and Discrete Math U or Math of Data Management U. Also two: Biology U, Chemistry U, and Physics U. Grade eleven and twelve suggestions are from McMaster University and Ryersons University. The skills needed for this job are people skills, emotional stability, CPR, First Aid and a second language would also help. I plan on taking French through out high school and university so I’ll be considered bilingual and I plan on updating my CPR and First Aid yearly. RN’s job opportunities are in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and basically any public health building. Also there are many organizations that recruit nurses to go to other countries. England and the U.S are two of the many countries that do this. The salary for a full-time nurse is $35,000 to $60,000 a year. Benefits include paid holidays, paid sick days and dental care. Casual (on call) nurses earn $17 to $35 an hour. Nurses work in hospitals, nursing homes, walk in clinics, prisons, schools, ect. Hazards of the job include contracting an infectious disease from a patient and injury from instruments, chemicals or gases. Nurses also get injured from violent patients and their families. They work irregular hours, nights, evenings and holidays with 12-hour shifts. Job demand is high because of the storage of nurses in Canada and people are always getting sick. People will always get sick therefore nurses will be part of the future. Research Papers on Career Essay Registered Nurse - Creative Writing Paper (100 Level Course)Arguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Influences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesStandardized TestingThe Fifth HorsemanResearch Process Part OneQuebec and CanadaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaGenetic Engineering