Recycled Plastic Bio-Composites in the Consumer Industry Free Essays

Purchaser Industry The adjustment of regular fiber composites in the customer business has not had a similar touchy development likewise with the transportation or even the development business. The advantages of cost investment funds and weight decrease that can be gotten with normal fiber composites assumed a noteworthy job for the multiplication into those particular ventures. Be that as it may, in the buyer advertise, coming from the ascent of manufactured filaments beginning in the 1940’s, glass fiber and carbon strands have overwhelmed the market for composites because of their boss mechanical properties. We will compose a custom article test on Reused Plastic Bio-Composites in the Consumer Industry or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now From the 1970’s ahead, oil based strands supplanted normal fiber so that, around the world, the trimming of common filaments went into steep decrease, causing financial stagnation in the maker districts. Notwithstanding the opposition with manufactured strands, development in transport offices likewise added to the decay of characteristic filaments, especially the coming of product mass taking care of offices in significant distance exchange, which dispensed with the utilization of food-grade sacks out and out. Jute has consistently been the most significant common fiber yet it too endured long decay. In 1990, 2. 1 million hectares were planted in jute, which tumbled to 1. 6 million of every 2000 and is anticipated to droop to 1. 2 million hectares by 2010, a withdrawal of about 3% every year. During a similar period, creation additionally tumbled from 3. 3 million tons to 2. 6 million tons and is anticipated to decrease to 2. 3 million tons by 2010. During this period jute devoured in the created nations fell by 40% and that expended in creating nations by 10%. 1) During the previous two decades, there has been a restored enthusiasm for improvement of characteristic fiber plastic composites for the buyer business. Two of the most conspicuous components that are filling this resurgence begin from the ecological effect of utilizing these composites and the innovative advances that address the weaknesses of fiber composite creation and utilization. Regular filaments have expected extensive ec ological significance in capacity of being delivered with sustainable power sources, devouring less vitality to create and being biodegradable and recyclable. 2) In the customary furnishings, shoe, and material assembling divisions, characteristic strands are progressively being utilized as a substitute for fiber glass. Regular filaments have a few favorable circumstances when contrasted with traditional plastic, for example, being from 10% to 30% less expensive; having lower thickness, prevalent warm properties and low epitomized vitality; including lower apparatus wear in the trim procedure; creating better acoustic decencies and lessening disturbance to the skin and respiratory framework (3). Amusingly, some of the apparent points of interest of characteristic strands in composite polymers were refered to in the past as hindrances which prompted the replacement of regular fiber by synthetics. Regular strands were supposed to be substandard on the grounds that they were not water safe, were permeable and breathable, were biodegradable and were not versatile to programmed sack filling. The water opposition issue has been overwhelmed by surface adjustment of strands, making hydrophobic coatings that consider a dampness boundary just as better grip with the network sap. Breathability is currently observed to be a bit of leeway in lessening heat and impregnating scents, especially in materials. Thus, bio-degradability is exceptionally alluring today just as the quality of being recyclable. These attributes currently apparent to be alluring have invigorated a decent arrangement of investigation into finding other mechanical applications which could make fiber creation grow much further. (4) 1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2003. Medium-Term Prospects for Agricultural Commodities: Projections to the Year 2010. Rome. 2. Jan, E. G. 2009. Ecological Benefits of Natural Fiber Production and Use. In Discover Natural Fibers: Proceedings of the Symposium on Natural Fibers, p. 3-17. Rome: FAO. 3. Suddell, B. C. 2009. Modern Fibers: Recent and Current Developments. Find Natural Fibers: Proceedings of the Symposium on Natural Fibers, p. 71-82. Rome: FAO. 4. Bicalho, A. M. 2009. Horticultural Industrial Integration and New Applications of Natural Fibers: Jute Floodplain Cropping in the Amazon Reborn. Brazil The most effective method to refer to Recycled Plastic Bio-Composites in the Consumer Industry, Essay models

Sports and Society - Examples of Each Category of Violence in Sport Assignment

Sports and Society - Examples of Each Category of Violence in Sport - Assignment Example Players can utilize body contact during handling by utilizing the chest area to push and push adversaries during a football match-up and this can meet all requirements for marginal viciousness since it isn't unequivocal in its inclination. Utilizing the hands to push different players when attempting to control the ball. Now and again, players will go full scale and really, ambush another player rebelliously qualifies as a severe body contact. Semi criminal savagery can come as amateurish lead among players and can come as danger, affronts or different implies that corrupt the nobility and respect of a player, players or clubs. Criminal savagery is composed brutality against a player, gathering of players or a club where another player, players or club unshakably plot to acquire mischief to the next request to prevent them from performing. (Hechter, 1977) 2. In the event that we need to comprehend savagery in sports, we should comprehend sexual orientation belief system and issues of manliness in culture. How is manliness identified with viciousness in sports and how do issues of manliness take on various implications among men from various foundations? Give models from the course material and from your own encounters as you examine this issue. Sports have from days of yore, been consigned to the area of men. Animosity, showcases of intensity and strength, drivenness, and the male physic in the entirety of its incredible magnificence. Any indication of shortcoming, sympathy and generosity were viewed as an indication of shortcoming. The Greek culture is the one that game was birthed in and that is the reason it impacted many brandishing perspectives. The Greeks were fixated on force and its presentation in the entirety of its structure for glory’s purpose. The Greco-Roman culture venerated war and animosity as an outflow of manliness and this was found in sports. Games of the medieval occasions were bloody occasions loaded up with genuine killings of wild creatures and slaves who were called combatants. The sole reasons for the warriors were to battle and pass on in the field for greatness and entertainment.â â

Understanding How to Use the Essay Sample

Understanding How to Use the Essay SampleIt is imperative to include the humanities in your Field Trip Essay. When you include the humanities in your essay, it helps build a cohesive article that can be used to influence the decision of your school and other institutions who are looking for resumes. You will also find the use of the humanities in your essay will enhance your overall writing skills as you will have better control over what topics you want to write about. Knowing how to incorporate the humanities into your essay is one of the first things you need to learn when learning how to write an essay.There are many sources of essay samples in the World Wide Web. When you use these sources you should use them to find the most appropriate essay samples for your specific field trip essay topic. It is important to take time to read all of the sample essays before you select one or more of them to use in your essay. Taking the time to familiarize yourself with all of the different e ssay samples can give you a significant advantage over other applicants and make your essay one that students will be more likely to be interested in reading.Your essay samples should be free of bias. This means that they should not contain personal opinions about the applicant or the essay topic. A bias may be subtle, but it can be easily spotted by readers and this will decrease the level of interest in your essay. Avoid including information from the resume such as date of employment and salary that are specific to a certain institution. Instead, use resume based sample essays.The times and dates that the student attended the campus and faculty meeting are also an important part of the essay. How were those dates chosen? If the time was estimated by the administrator, he or she should provide this data. This information will be very helpful to the school as they can compare it to time tables provided by other schools or use their own calculations to determine when the student was on campus.The contents of the essay should be representative of the student's experience at the institution. Do not include the names of teachers or faculty members, but rather the student's names to add context. Also, keep in mind that some professors will allow their students to speak during a faculty meeting.The essay samples you use should also be customized to the particular course the student is taking. Make sure to check if the course curriculum provides the resources for students to have a project to complete as a result of a classroom activity. If this is not the case, the resources should be clearly outlined and included in the essay. This is another way to display the use of the humanities in your essay.There are a lot of different subjects and perspectives that can be used in an essay. It is important to consider the application when writing the essay. Writing an essay about a particular topic can be difficult to do and often times applicants will have little luck in wr iting about their experiences without some bias.Knowing how to use essay samples in an essay is one of the best ways to get past the first round of admissions. These samples can be free or they can be customized to match your specific essay topics. If you don't use the right materials, your essay will be a complete failure and you won't stand a chance of being accepted into the program.

Essay about Capital Justification - 935 Words

Capital Purchase Justification Introduction According to the hospital’s five-year plan, an investment in capital equipment should boost the quality of services offered at the hospital. Many options of capital investments that hospital could invest in exist. However, this report recommends an investment in the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) equipment. This equipment involves a large capital investment upfront, but it can be profitable in the end. The hospital has considered factors such as the cost of this equipment, the facilities needed, and the return on investment of the equipment. The above factors are among some of the factors that are considered when buying large capital equipment for an organization such as a hospital (Keefer,†¦show more content†¦This charge is also another revenue stream for the hospital and contributes to the ROI of the equipment. GE, which is the manufacturer of the equipment, indicates that the equipment has a viable life span of up to 15 years, but the warranty only covers the fi rst 6 years of use (Price, 2011). The above figures are a clear indication that the MRI equipment can provide the hospital with an adequate return on investment. These figures, the machine’s lifespan, and the growing demand for MRI scans serve to justify the purchase of the equipment. Other factors that enhance the returns from the equipment include: Variety of clinical applications One of the biggest advantages of MRI equipment is that it can be used to diagnose medical conditions in the heart, breast, bones, spine, and brain. This is the only imaging equipment, which can be used to diagnose issues, in all the above-mentioned parts of the body. The equipment can be used to identify stroke and blockages in the circulatory system, cardiovascular conditions, tumors, and injuries. There is an excellent return on investment in the MRI because of the variety of uses it has in a clinical setting (Keefer, 2011). Higher quality imaging The MRI equipment uses technology, which enables high-resolution 3D imaging with a lot of clarity. This technology makes it easier to detect and diagnose conditions such as blockages in bloodShow MoreRelatedEssay on Capital Purchase Justification892 Words   |  4 Pagesunmatched level of speed and versatility when operating the MAGNETOM (Magnetom espree -, 2013). When making a purchase to improve on many areas of operations there are always factors to take into consideration. There will be a great amount of capital expenditure for this equipment; however the potential for higher return on investment is remarkable. The initial cost of purchasing the MAGNETOM is approximately $ 1 million. There will be an additional cost of $500,000 to operate and maintain theRead MoreThe Capital Justification Expenditure Is Vital For The Return On Investment Of A Per Provider For Electronic Medical Records1224 Words   |  5 PagesIndicating the capital justification expenditures is vital for the return on investment of a Per Provider for Electronic Medical Record Implementation. Several key aspects are necessary to mention of the amount and type of expenditure, attainment of key decision criteria, and detailed financial analysis. Hospitals, clinics, and ambulatory care settings even have to indicate important capital expenditures. Factoring in risk is al ways crucial to consider as well as physician acceptance, competitionRead MorePrinciples of Business Sba663 Words   |  3 Pagesmake a profit. JUSTIFICATION OF LOCATION Tile House Limited is located at Tumpuna Road Arima. It is located there because it is close to the main road and supplies are easily delivered. Infrastructural services exist such as roads, electricity etc. It is also close to the consumer, large enough for the business and is close to hard wares which are retailers for the business. SOURCES OF FIXED AND WORKING CAPITAL Fixed Capital refers to any kind of real or physical capital that is not usedRead MoreIntegrated Reporting And Its Impact On International Recognition1213 Words   |  5 PagesInternational Integrated Reporting Framework acknowledges that non-current success relies on and amongst other factors, on reasonable management, firm relationships, a desirable working abilities and the availability of natural resources. B. Justification and Drivers of and Problems with Traditional Model Over the past half of a century, companies have been exposing an increasing quantity of information to meet the needs of stakeholders. Particularly, they have presented complementary informationRead MoreSustainability And Its Impact On The Environment1365 Words   |  6 Pagesis why it is equally as important to be aware of the fabrics that are being purchased and worn. The purpose of this research proposal is to determine if sustainability has an impact on the clothing choices of college students. Importance and justification for proposed study Most college students do not have a large disposable income, as they are prone to following the trends of â€Å"fast fashion† retailers (Jung et al., 2014). Retailers such as Forever 21, HM, and WetSeal provide affordable clothingRead MoreChapter Practice13676 Words   |  55 PagesD. various segregated specializations will be combined. Page 9 45. According to the text, corporate restructuring includes A. capital restructuring, asset restructuring, and technology restructuring. B. global diversiï ¬ cation, capital restructuring, and asset restructuring. C. management restructuring, ï ¬ nancial restructuring, and procurement restructuring. D. capital restructuring, asset restructuring, and management restructuring. 46. Which of the following statements regarding internal developmentRead MoreThe Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Malaysia3880 Words   |  16 PagesCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction In this chapter, the background, problem statement, objectives and justification of the study are discussed. The general and specific objectives are listed and the scopes of the study are described. 1.1 Background of the Study 1.1.1 Malaysia Economic Growth Malaysian economy was consistently reached a GDP growth of more than 7% followed by the low inflation rate in the 1980s and 1990s. The economy went on to an extensive diversification and continued economicRead MoreThe Value Of Human Life907 Words   |  4 Pagesvaluable. Some of those against capital punishment believe that human life is so valuable that even the worst murderers should not be deprived of the value of their lives. They believe that the value of the offender s life cannot be destroyed by the offender s bad conduct - even if they have killed someone. Some abolitionists don t go that far. They say that life should be preserved unless there is a very good reason not to, and that the those who are in favor of capital punishment are the ones whoRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty946 Words   |  4 Pages Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is a legal sentence for the convicted to be put to death for their criminal behavior. How the convicted criminal is executed varies from state to state. I do not believe that the death penalty is justifiable in almost any instance, if any. Throughout this class, I have read and experienced confusion on my opinion of whether capital punishment can be justifiable. If there was an absolute 100% belief and proof of guilt for the most serious of crimes (murderRead MoreThe Dilemma Of The Death Penalty1703 Words   |  7 Pagespenalty in the philosophical outlooks of Utilitarianism and Deontology, present arguments in light of both, and proceed to show why Deontology offers the best insights into the justification for the death penalty. The death penalty, also known as â€Å"capital punishment†, is, â€Å"the sentence of execution for murder and some other capital crimes (serious crimes, especially murder, which are punishable by death).† (Death Penalty Law, Law And Legal Definition). The death penalty has existed in America since colonial

The Session_Start() Function in PHP

In PHP,  information designated for use across several web pages can be stored in a session. A session is similar to a cookie, but the information contained in the session is not stored on the visitors computer. A key to open the session—but not the information contained within—is stored on a visitors computer. When that visitor next logs in, the key opens the session.  Then when a session is opened on another page, it scans the computer for the key. If there is a match, it accesses that session, if not it starts a new session. With sessions, you can build customized applications and increase the usefulness of the site to its visitors.   Every page that will use the session information on the website must  be identified by the session_start() function. This initiates a session on each PHP page. The session_start function must be the first thing sent to the browser or it wont work properly. It must precede any HTML tags. Usually, the best place to  position it is right after the ?php tag. It must be on every page you intend to use. The variables contained in the session—such as username and favorite color—are set with $_SESSION, a global variable.  In this example, the session_start function is positioned after a non-printing comment but before any HTML. In the example, after viewing page 1.php, the next page, which is page 2.php, contains the session data and so on. The session variables end  when the user closes the browser. Modifying and Deleting a Session To modify a variable in a session, just overwrite it. To remove all the global variables and delete the session, use the session_unset() and session_destroy() functions. Global vs. Local Variable A global variable is visible throughout the program and it can be used by any function in the program. A local variable is declared inside a function and that is the only place it can be used.

Different Types Of The Mind The Human, Animal, And...

Philosophy 3500 Final Paper Seneca Cherry 12.2.14 Abstract This essay Introduction The mind is made up of numerous classes of procedures that can be studied empirically; this paper will limit this field to psychology. There are three different types of the mind: the human, animal, and the mechanic. The human mind is the paradigm of the mind; the mechanical mind exists as a challenge to materialism or mind-brain identity theory. This leads to the anti-materialist argument: intelligence is made up of levels of mental processes in which the mind is the genus and intelligence is a species of this genus. Intelligence is the ability to solve problems, and like the mind, human intelligence is the paradigm of the intelligence. There†¦show more content†¦It would belong to the domain of metaphysics, and if the mind were a substance it would individual. Despite this, the mind is a collection of numerous classes of processes that can be studied empirically. These processes are known as â€Å"mental processes,† this is the way we can suggest the vicious circle statement that the mind is the collection of the different mental processes. There are ways to avoid the circularity of the previous statement by describing the various classes of these â€Å"mental processes.† The information boils down to four concepts that we can use to distinguish the main types of mental processes. 1) Perceptions – the organized reception of information, 2) the memories and storage of information, 3) our beliefs and judgments surrounding the information we received, and finally 4) our plans – arrangements of information and how we plan to act. From here we can give a more complete description of mental processes. Our own bodies have sensations (internal such as pain), and then we have external sensations (from other bodies). We have perceptions which help us construct a more or less definite object. We as humans also retain memories that can come from different sources. We elaborate images with various degrees of creativity. This helps us form beliefs about ourselves and other people (things or ideas). From here we can develop conclusions that allow us to receive new information from previously received data; this

Management Decision to Retain the Fleet

Question: Discuss the management decision to retain the fleet, staff, and destinations. Answer: Introduction Wombat and Koala Airlines have decided to merge their businesses. Wombat is a full service airline while Koala is a low cost carrier (LCC). It has been decided by the management that the existing staff, fleet will be retained by the combined entity. Further, it has been decided that Wombat will adopt the reservation system of Koala as the reservation system of Wombat is outdated. It has also been decided that the combined entity will operate as a premium based low cost carrier. The third decision by management is to remove face to face customer support and charge 15% premium for booking tickets through agents, tour operators and third party websites. We will discuss in this report how the decisions taken by the management fit into the scheme of things and whether they are the appropriate decisions. Why do airlines merge The airline industry is very competitive and there is very less room to extract profit. The operating costs are very high in the airlines industry. One of the main reasons to merge is that the airlines believe that they cant give out consistent profits alone.(Hewitt, n.d.) An airline cant operate on all the profitable routes. They simply dont have the resources to do that, so they best way out to cover all the routes is to merge.(Wang, 2012) The Low Costs Carriers have occupied the most lucrative and profitable routes. Full time carriers are not able to cover costs with their big fleets flying to all big and small destinations. The senior carriers have a senior and expensive labour force to pay for. Their hub and spoke system is losing sheen as airport congestion transforms every connection into an opportunity to miss a flight. The market share of hub and spoke airlines have fallen from 85 % to 57% in the last fifteen years.(NYT, 2010) As airlines merge, consolidating the market, it gives pricing power to the airlines.(Hschelrath Mller) As the number of airlines becomes less, the number of routes and flights flown also reduce. Thus, cutting down the number of seats available. Hence, it enables the airline to charge high rates.(Nocera, 2013) The Hurdles to a Merger Integration Integrating two airlines is a mammoth task, one that has been misjudged by many airlines in the past. They bought the airline and underestimated the differences between the two entities and played down the complexities of integration which led to unintended effects (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2014)nowadays, the sizes of airlines have increased dramatically, the financial pressure is greater, and system integration is much more complex. (Hansson, Neilson, Belin, 2001) The tactical issue involved in an airline merger is humongous.( Carlton, Landes, Posner) A study conducted by Booz Allen Hamilton states that two third of mergers dont meet the stated objectives due to execution related issues. Only 32% attributed failure to strategic reasons such as poor fit or overly ambitious project. The main hurdles to merger integration are: The merged organisation gives less importance to the complexities surrounding the whole acquisition be it systems, labour, etc. Labour strikes have been a major headache in many airline mergers. Sickouts, lost luggage have increased costs of many mergers.(Isidore, 2013) The acquirer is not aware of the operational issues and processes of the business model of the airline it is acquiring, specifically what makes it successful. While it may have targeted a certain amount of synergy through combined operations, the acquiring airline often does not devote time to understand the operations, best practices, critical talent and key success factors of the target airline.(United States Government Accountability Office, 2010) Many airline mergers fail due to lapses in planning and execution. Too much of pre-merger planning is done without taking stock of ground issues. System issues are a huge reason for this because airlines attempt to integrate a mix of modern systems with legacy systems. A Framework for Integration The merger integration should follow a phased integration approach. The integration should be divided into phases such as the first 100 days or so.(Benkard, Bodoh-Creed, Lazarev, 2010) This strategy yields best possible revenue and cost synergies in the early phase while maintaining safety and facilitating operation integration. Given below is a framework for the first 100 days. a. Airlines to be merged (Transition Phase) Different networks (two CRS codes) Various products Different service experiences Separate systems for frequent fliers Look and feel in transition Quick-hit cost synergies captured (e.g., best contract pricing) b. Connected Airlines Merging of facilities like gates, reassignment of some maintenance work, ticket offices, etc. Pricing and scheduling brought on the same network Feel of the same service Frequent flier program merged Same look and feel Temporary systems to link customer systems Start of rebranding of aircrafts Some departments integrated c. One Airline: Integrating the two Migrate on to the same network Information systems integration Single loyalty program Same customer service Same branding on aircrafts Closure of unnecessary facilities Consolidation of common resources Most of the staff have been integrated d. One Airline- Similar and single face Common Operating Procedure Single brand One or similar product ( No differences) Consistent service Single look and feel (No differences in customer perception) Single organization IT systems integrated At first, the senior management team needs to be designated instantly. One of the greatest obstacles in merger integration is of composing a suitable team comprising the best of both the organisations.(Hansson, Neilson, Belin, 2001) The integration of gate operations is a major starting point. It is not only a visible stand point of the merger but also affects the customer experience. It is also a source of cost saving as you exit gate areas; your rental expenditure goes down. Other such quick cost saving strategies is selective sourcing of maintenance procedures. The maximum revenue synergies come from amalgamation of IT systems; it should be a topmost priority. Integration of customer systems enables the customer to feel that one-airline theme, although, two airlines exist behind the scenes. The work load depends on the partnership and compatibility of these two airlines IS and IT infrastructure. One has to analyse the convenience trade-offs and costs of transitioning into an interim customer system or to one of the airlines system. Employee training costs also are needed to be kept in mind while making this decision. Designating the management team and managing the airport integration will consume much of the integration teams attention in the first 100 days. Full operational integration will take much longer, and will depend on a lot of issues like fleet and operational system compatibility. Dealing with System Integration System issues are one of the primary drivers of the entire process and influence various aspects of the merger process. Systems touch the customer throughout, which ranges from process such as tallying frequent flyer points till creating and pricing connecting itineraries to prompting an agent to provide an upgrade. These many touch points assign too much importance to systems because proper functioning ensures a smooth customer experience. (Borenstein) The main questions to ponder are: Are you investing in strong interim systems for improving customer experience during the process of transition or is your focus only on the integration and developing the experience afterwards meanwhile using communication to bring down customer expectation. Do you expand the capacity of the existing system or design entirely new systems? (Harlan, 2015) The employee systems should not be overlooked because this can send strong and sublime signals to the workforce. As we all know the importance of workforce in merger integration. Discussion on Management Decisions Till now we have discussed how integration should be carried out. We have discussed what factors need to be kept in mind. We have three management decisions we need to discuss. We will start with the first decision. The management decided that the combined company will retain the fleet, staff and destinations. Additionally, Wombats ageing systems will be merged with Koalas system. As we know that the fleet of both the airlines consists of the same aircraft so retention of fleet is a good decision as this would not lead to high maintenance costs because the aircraft is of the same company. This would give the new merged entity more resources at their disposal. One major expense would be rebranding of the aircrafts but the synergy coming from this would be outweighing the costs. Retaining the destinations would also give higher coverage to the combined entity but overlapping and multiple flights should be removed. Keeping the staff of both the airlines is also a smart decision subject to that high increase employee costs could be outdone by the increase in revenue.(Kochan, n.d.) Keeping the staff also boosts the morale of the employees and prevents labour unrests which we have listed before as a m ajor problem in merger integration of airlines. Wombat is dependent on agents and tour operators for reservations. Its information systems are outdated(Martin, 2015). As we have stated before that system integration is one of the major drivers of merger integration. So this decision to migrate Wombats information system to Koalas needs to be properly evaluated. The technology used in information systems of Koala Airlines is up to date and merging Wombats information systems with Koalas is a good decision. Although, it involves employee training costs, which must be less than the synergy benefits coming from this decision.(Newman, 2008) Coming to the second management decision of operating the combined airlines as a premium based low cost carrier. It is an intelligent decision, keeping in mind that Wombat is a full service airline and Koala is a low cost carrier. Customers of Wombat are used to a certain level of service. This premium based low cost service would be able to provide the required level of service to Wombats customers and also keep the low cost customer base of Koala. We should also keep in mind the aircraft configuration of both the airlines is same (both accommodate 300 passengers); this should also enable us to implement this premium based low cost carrier strategy. This new type of product should be properly communicated to the customers. The premium customers should not feel that there has been a degradation of service due to this merger and the customers of Koala also should not feel that they are paying more for the same service.(The Motley Fool, n.d.) Third decision by the management is to charge a service charge of 15% on tickets booked by agents, tour operators and third party websites, provide 24X7 online and telephonic customer supports and remove face to face customer support. The decision to charge such high service charges by the management on booking done by third parties needs to be looked into. It might lead to devaluation of the brand value of the combined entity. The service charge should be abolished or it should be kept at a minimum. The decision to remove face to face customer support may also be detrimental. As Wombat is a full service carrier, it will have many high profile customers who would prefer to have face to face customer support to resolve their issues. It is a very important decision to have face to face customer interaction because these interactions provide a lot of insights about customers and also it is an important customer touch point. Conclusion As discussed above the management decision to retain the fleet, staff, and destinations and migrate Wombats information systems to Koalas system is a good decision and would result in high amount of synergies. The second decision to operate as a premium based low cost carrier is also a good decision as booth the merging carriers have different clientele and this type of offering would satisfy both segments of clients. The third decision to charge high service charge when tickets are booked through third party and removing face to face customer support needs to be reconsidered. This decision could lead to alienation of the customers. As many customers of Wombat would be high profile persons, it would be best to have physical customer touch points. References Carlton, D. W., Landes, W. M., Posner, R. A. (n.d.). Benefits and Costs of Airline Mergers: A Case Study. Benkard, C. L., Bodoh-Creed, A., Lazarev, J. (2010). Simulating the Dybamic effect of Horizontal Mergers: US Airlines. Borenstein, S. (n.d.). Airline Mergers, Airport Dominance and Market Power. Hansson, T., Neilson, G., Belin, S. (2001). Airline Merger Integration: Take-off Checklist. Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. Harlan, C. (2015, September 25). Landing a mega-merger: The last days of US Airways. The Washington Post. Hewitt, E. (n.d.). Seven Ways the AA/US Airways Merger Will Hurt You. Retrieved from Independent Traveler. Hschelrath, K., Mller, K. (n.d.). Market power, efficiencies, and entry: Evidence from an airline merger. Isidore, C. (2013, February 13). Airline mergers mean more lost luggage, flight delays. Retrieved from CNN Money:

rockefeller Essays (780 words) - Rockefeller Family,

Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839 in Richford, New York. He married Laura C. Spelman (1839-1915) on September 8, 1864. His mother, Eliza Davison Rockefeller, was very religious and disciplined, she was the person who taught him to work hard, save and give to charities. Rockefeller's mother had the biggest influence on him involving his religion and philanthropy. John D. Rockefellers father, William Avery Rockefeller, was a pitch man or a doctor that says he can cure cancers for a fee. John and Laura Rockefeller had four girls and one boy. The one boy they did have, John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (1874-1960), went on to continue his father's work and make the Rockefeller name a well-liked one instead of one that was a bitter reminder of his father's business techniques. Rockefeller attended Folsom's Commercial College for ten weeks where he studied single and double entry bookkeeping, penmanship, commercial history, mercantile customs, banking and exchange to help him get a job. He never attended any other type of school after attending Folsom's Commercial College. Standard Oil was founded in 1870 by Rockefeller, William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, Samuel Andrews, Stephen Harkness and O.B. Jennings, but John Rockefeller had the largest share of the company at thirty percent. Rockefeller had the largest share because he was the founder of the company and he knew how stock shares could earn him more money. By now Rockefeller was one of America's wealthiest men and he was just getting started. By 1879 he had bought out almost all other refineries and Standard Oil refined ninety percent of the oil in America. Rockefeller wanted to make the company successful by expanding and since Standard Oil used their own tank car fleet, ships, docking facilities, barrel-making plants, draying services, depots, warehouses and pipelines, it didn't have to spend much money for any outside parties to make something. Rockefeller was a careful planner and wanted to waste as little as possible. Rockefeller changed the thinking in businesses because he was a first to o wn all the materials to run a large business. Soon Standard began refining crude oil, moving westward and it began foreign markets in Europe, Asia and Latin America and at this point it was almost a monopoly. Rockefeller was becoming so powerful and around this time many rumors about how he ran his business started to come out and he got a reputation as being a cold-hearted money lover, which was actually pretty accurate. Rockefeller had wanted since he was a boy to earn $100,000 and he ended up being the first billionaire in America Rockefeller created the Sanitary Commission that helped raise an interest in public health, especially in the south where Hookworm Disease was a problem. He wanted to keep the public healthy and despite what many people thought, Rockefeller did care about other people. By the time he died he had given the University of Chicago more than $80 million, as well as founding it. In 1902 Rockefeller established the General Education Board and his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. planned the construction of Rockefeller Center in New York City and donated the land upon which the United Nations building now stands. Rockefeller and his son also created Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in 1901, renamed Rockefeller University in New York, and he founded the University of Chicago in 1892. These universities greatly help in the study of the human body and finding cures for many illnesses or diseases. Rockefeller in a way shaped the American industry and set a good example of what giving is. John D. Rockefeller died on May 23, 1937 in Ormond, Florida after retiring from the oil industry in 1911. John D. Rockefeller greatly changed American industry. Rockefeller is a good example of rags to riches story of someone who worked hard their whole life and never gave up on what he wanted. Bibliography Bill, Bell. Titan, by Ron Chernow; Random ($30). (Originated from New York Daily News). Knight/Tribune News Service27 May 1998: p527K2422. Byers, Paula K., ed. Encyclopedia of World Biography.18 vols. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. Draper, Roger. Titan The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (book review). Find Articles. 5 October 1998. 3pp. 25 October 2000. MacMillian Profiles. Rockefeller, John D. MacMillian Profiles: Tycoons and

Climbing Out of the Wallpaper

Climbing Out of the Wallpaper Free Online Research Papers Can people really climb out of wallpaper? Charlotte Perkins Gilman gives the impression that the narrator does in her short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† The narrator and her husband (a doctor) vacation in a colonial mansion in order to rid the wife of her depression and anxiety. They bring along the husband’s sister to care for their young son. After going through many psychological conflicts, the wife finally overcomes her fears and anxieties. In the story, the yellow wallpaper and the colonial mansion help build a gloomy and cowardly ambiance. Contrast between the paper and the â€Å"haunted† house depict the narrator’s weakness and anxiety. However, various settings, the husband, and the wallpaper eventually help the narrator to conquer her fears by stripping away layers of societal expectations. With the estate remaining empty for so long and the cheapness of it, the house gives way to mystery and haunting. The narrator states, â€Å"I would say a haunted house† which reflects her concerns in life (513). The â€Å"haunted† house indicates a conflict within herself that she cannot control. She also questions, â€Å"Else, why would it be let so cheaply?† (513). She illustrates a sense of uneasiness being in a strange home; by questioning the price, she suggests that the house is unappealing to others and has an apprehension to it. Provoking negativity on her outlook of life, the â€Å"yellow wallpaper† as she says is, â€Å"pronounced enough to constantly irritate . . . they suddenly commit suicide† (514). The narrator influences and agitates easily. She demonstrates how the wallpaper drives her mad and promotes her depressing self-esteem. Although the narrator’s husband believes that the house is therapeutic, she perceives it as smothering. She said her husband â€Å"meant to repaper the room, but afterwards he said that I was letting it get the better of me, and nothing was worse for a nervous patient than to give way to such fantasies† (515). The yellow wallpaper intensifies the narrator’s diminutive feelings of self-worth and her pessimistic temptations. She considers herself as a burden because she has such nervous tendencies. Since the narrator is unable to provide care to her own son, a small child, her sister in law tends to him, which only increases her nervousness a nd negative feelings of confidence. The doctor does not even allow his wife to perform any of her wifely duties and forces her to nap, or so they think. The doctor’s â€Å"watchful eye† produces a discouraging effect on her. She mentions, â€Å"John has cautioned me not to give way to fancy . . . a nervous weakness like mine is sure to lead to all manner of excited fantasies† (515). While leaving her feeling defenseless and feebler, John does not realize the negative power he has over his wife. In his eyes, he is helping her to overcome her depression and nervousness by discouraging her to write; actually, he is making her feel vulnerable because he is controlling what encompasses her life. Strangely, the growing irritation of the wallpaper causes the wife to turn into a deranged woman. When she â€Å"gives way† to her fantasies and her writing, she becomes unbalanced. She says, â€Å". . . I can see a strange, provoking, formless sort of figure, that seems to skulk about behind that silly and conspicuous front design,† which portrays how she sees herself (516). By being formless, she depicts how she is not of importance. With her husband watching her every move, seeing herself as formless only adds to her insecurity. Slowly, her state of mind becomes growingly unstable as her depression becomes deeper. She states, that she is â€Å"getting dreadfully fretful and querulous. I cry at nothing, and cry most of the time† (517). John sees her crying as a sign of weakness instead of as a relinquishment of torment. She has held anguish inside for so long that she explodes over anything. Why does her husband not see this? Is it because a man does not understand the emotional aspects of a woman, or is it simply in the 1800’s, women were thought of as being frail and inferior? Whatever the case may be, she is reaching out to whoever will help her find her lucidity again. The figure reappearing behind the yellow wallpaper contributes to her realization that she is the one trying to free herself. As her husband is sleeping, she watches the paper until it makes her feel creepy. She whispers, â€Å"The faint figure behind seemed to shake the pattern, just as if she wanted to get out. I . . . went to feel and see if the paper did move . . . â€Å"(518). Climbing back into bed, she awakens John. He then asks, â€Å"What is it little girl?† adding further demeaning to her (518). As she explains, â€Å"I really was not gaining here, and that I wished he would take me away† she is trying to relay to John that although he is a doctor, she is not progressing and she knows what is best for her (519). Eventually, the yellow wallpaper gives her purpose in life; since confined to her room to rest, she makes it her soul purpose to study the paper in search of its meaning. She exclaims, â€Å"I really have discovered something at last,† seeing that she is the woman trapped within the â€Å"wallpaper† (521). Although she says the woman is, â€Å". . . trying to climb through,† she is unable to because the yellow wallpaper is strangling (521). The wife uses strangling to demonstrate suffocation herself because she is unable to make her own decisions. John makes her feel smothered because she is too feeble-minded in his eyes. She also says, â€Å"If those heads were covered or taken off it would not be half so bad† (521). Eradication of the heads allows her to release the strong inner person and grow. Only then is she able to detach herself from her flaws and strip off that revolting shell that surrounds her. When she â€Å"peeled off all the paper† she could reach, she announces her freedom (523). â€Å"I’ve got out at last . . . in spite of you and Jane. And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back† (524)! The strong, liberated woman from within finally emerges and stands her ground. â€Å"Now why should that man have fainted? But he did† she asks (524)? According to societal norms in the 1800’s, women should not behave in that manner to their husbands. Charlotte Perkins Gilman illustrates how women can emerge into thriving, independent people by believing in themselves and overpowering social constraints. When people look within themselves and see their true worth, they are able to climb through that wall. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† The Norton Introduction to Literature. 9th ed. Eds. Alison Booth, et al. New York: Norton, 2006. 513-524. Research Papers on Climbing Out of the WallpaperMind TravelArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Honest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Hockey GameBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

American constitution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American constitution - Assignment Example Secondly, it should provide social infrastructure wherein the citizens can interact well and establish connections and ties with one another. Thirdly, it is tasked in protecting human rights and upholding and ensuring that everyone is treated fairly and accorded with the things that are of the essence to being human. Citizens should be safeguarded against violations of human rights. And lastly, it is the government’s role to provide public safety. In relation with its other roles, this dictates that it should protect the state from both internal and external threats, be it in whatever nature such as, but not limited to, political, military, health, etc. 2.Define democracy and discuss 5 bases of democracy(five bases to use are, self-government john locke-2nd treaties on government, social contract, majority rule, minority rights, limited government, democratic institution, free election, free expression of ideas ). In the modern era of politics, democracy as a form of government has risen as the most widely practiced form of government. The word can be literally translated to mean as the Government of the People/Majority (Becker and Raveloson 4). It is easily distinguishable from other forms of government such as monarchy, aristocracy, and dictatorship simply because the governing body comes from the people themselves. Leaders of such government and elected and empowered by the people in the rationale of them serving the common interest of its citizens. 3. Discuss 5 types of powers (Reward-ability to provide what others don’t have, Coercive-ability to punish, Authority-based on titles and position, Expert-based on knowledge, Referant-based on charisma or respect. The reward-ability power is anchored in the ability of the authoritative entity to grant and motivate its constituents by its desires and undesirables. This regards the work of

Executive summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Executive summary - Essay Example The projects partners will be picked on the basis of their innovative idea with regards to telecommunication services, technological competencies and the projects credibility. The partners will be trained on the use of T-Mobile platform and will also get the support on the integration and testing of the services and applications designed. At the project closure, the chosen partners will be certified by T-Mobile which will engage them further in a closer collaboration. The collaboration might entail the designing products for the service operators and communication networks. The designed systems might also be exported to other communication firms and even government agencies. In all the incidences, the partners will be the sole proprietors of their applications and ideas developed. The project will be set within T-Mobile’s regional offices from Middle East and Africa. It will be open for the ideas submitted by the partners across the region. The main projects objective is to see the development and enrichment of applications and services that can be delivered through T-Mobile‘s telecommunication networks and the internet within Middle East and Africa regions. The objective is justified by its technological knowhow that makes it possible and that the designed applications and services will increase the revenue collected besides justifying the extensions of the internet access and telecom infrastructure towards the areas they serve. There is unexplored talent in the area with a myriad of these countries currently regarding the development of applications and services leveraging on the internet and telecom networks as a way of seeing rapid economic growth. The project seeks to support the local partners to achieve their dream and use them to transform the lives of the locals. The result of the initiative will be a win-win situation for the partners, T-Mobile, and locals. (Liu, 2009) As stated

Crime Fiction Notes Essay Example for Free

Crime Fiction Notes Essay Study: read over your essay and familiarise yourself with your wording have discussions Figure out the arguments in your head practise exams don’t just Know the material REALLY UNDERSTAND it The Big Sleep Observation: conventions that are constant throughout generations of crime fiction genre (passion, detachment, love, hope, justice) are a reflection on the timeless and universal human needs conventions that are subverted are a reflection of changing values and context Context: 1950’s post WW2 Economic depression Desire for hope, justice, escapism Theorists: Schwartz: â€Å"crime fiction serves to explicate the dangers and pleasures of life. † There is human emotion with which the audience can empathise Gives the illusion that they have entered the world of crime Miller: â€Å"A rhetorically sound definition of genre must be centred not on the substance or form of discourse, but on the action it is used to accomplish,† manipulate audiences empathy to engage them in the text typical of TRADITIONAL crime fiction GENRE Techniques: (Remember these techniques interchangeably and only use the appropriate ones) Context specific 1. Subvert Context: Desire for hope Convention: film noir subgenre traditionally seek to realistically portray the inescapable broken nature of society – subverted – Happy Ending Observation Theorist: Imperative of genre to allow for subversion to become relevant to socio-economic or political context Chandler, â€Å"the cycles and transformations of genre can be seen as a response to the changing political, social and economic conditions† 2. Context: socio-economic context of 1940’s World War 2 America midst of an economic depression employment was low and consequently crime was on the rise yearning for justice and heroism to correct the broken nature of society Convention: Characterisation of Marlowe as determined and relentless Ironic and self-depreciating dialogue â€Å"I’m just a guy whose paid to do other peoples laundry† embodies disposition of lone ranger Heroic connotations, â€Å"why did you have to keep going?†, â€Å"too many people told me to stop.† Observation and Theorist: Crime fiction gives the audience what it NEEDS 3. Context: 1950’s audience can critique broken society and judge morality of characters Convention: Conforms to traditional structure of c/f: red herrings, witnesses, investigation, unveiling of mystery Lack of narration; no point of view; audience critique characters E.G. Marlowe, womanizer, heavy drinker, blatant disrespect for authority and the law, â€Å"I don’t know what I am going to tell them- but it will be pretty close to the truth† retain a degree of morality, reproach toward reprehensible behaviour, â€Å"my, my, my, so many guns for so few brains.† Reflects ambivalent noir concept that everything good is tainted with evil Observation and theorist: Convoluted plotline makes the audience â€Å"objective viewer† Critique the broken society and the morality of characters Livingston, â€Å"different genres are concerned with different world views†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Universal 1. Conform Context: common timeless human desires transcend context and audience and hence are constant throughout generations of crime fiction Convention: human fascination with romantic love interest foregrounded interaction between ‘hardboiled detective’ Marlowe and ‘femme fatal’ Vivien Rutledge Verbal sparring soaked in double-entendres indicative of sexual tension; â€Å"do you always think you can handle people like trained seals?† â€Å"uh-huh and I usually get away with it too† Theorist: Colette, â€Å"romance pervades oral and written story-telling as far back as can be traced† Anil’s Ghost Observations 1. Post-colonial text; exposure to different culture; challenges Western perspective of crime fiction genre Barthes, â€Å"it is in relation to other texts within a genre rather then in relation to lived experiences that we make sense of certain events within a text.† Cohen, â€Å"Genres are open categories. Each member alters the genre by adding, contradicting or changing constituents, especially those members most closely related to it.† 2. Challenges not only our understanding of the genre, but also our perception of the world around us Berger: â€Å"Never again will a single story be told as though it were only the one†. 3. Crime fiction can be a means of contextual political and philosophical discussion The subjectivity of truth Nihilism and post-modernism Techniques 1. Context: socio-political context 1980’s Sri Lanka multifaceted civil war unimaginable for a western audience – but can relate to universal themes Convention: Mystery as a medium for Anil’s quest for her identity Ambiguous characterisation forces reader to share in her frustration and confusion Refuses to be defined or typecast, religious allusion, â€Å"The return of the prodigal†, â€Å"I am not a prodigal† Symbolised through an aggressive campaign to chose her own name Observation and theorist: international audience relate to a common quest multifaceted nature of identity Ambiguity and struggle within an individual, reflective of wider post modern society 2. Observation, context and theorist: Fister; â€Å"crime fiction deliberately exploits anxiety within the reader through reflecting and magnifying societies fear du jour.† Terror of those living within civil war Convention: explored through specific victims, personalise pain; agonising imagery Gunesena’s crucifixion, â€Å"prized the nails from the tarmac, freeing his hands† fear impregnates every facet of society; personification of Sri Lankan national fear through simile used to warn against the dangers of truth, â€Å"truth is like a flame against a lake of petrol† 3. Observation: aware of the horrendous acts of violence but absent from the actual event never presume to understand the degree of suffering novel seeks to extrapolate sympathy NOT empathy Convention: Subversion: post-modern style, not one single perspective, intrusive narration to explore a variety of characters perspectives. (Berger: â€Å"Never again will a single story be told as though it were only the one†.) Foregrounds the differences; â€Å"the darkest Greek tragedies were innocent compared to what was happening here† compares European mythology with Eastern reality, highlights vast discrepancies between crime fiction Theorist: Texts challenge audience’s worldly perceptions; Cole: â€Å"This can function as a form of social protest and reform†¦ giving crime writers the status symbol of social activists.† More on VALUES

Terrorism - No Public Discourse on Terror :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

No Public Discourse on Terror Rep. Barbara Lee (D-California) said the following in casting the lone vote against giving President Bush full congressional approval for carrying out his War on Terrorism as he sees fit: I am convinced that military action will not prevent further acts of international terrorism against the United States. This is a very complex and complicated matter. . . . However difficult this vote may be, some of us must urge the use of restraint. Our country is in a state of mourning. Some of us must say, let us step back for a moment. Let us just pause for a minute and think through the implications of our actions today so that this does not spiral out of control. . . . I have agonized over this vote, but I came to grips with it today and I came to grips with opposing this resolution during the very painful yet very beautiful memorial service. As a member of the clergy so eloquently said, "As we act, let us not become the evil that we deplore." I agree. But what is striking to me as a linguist is the use of negatives in the statement: "not prevent," "restraint" (inherently negative), "not spiral out of control," "not become the evil that we deplore.'' Friends are circulating a petition calling for "Justice without vengeance." "Without" has another implicit negative. It is not that these negative statements are wrong. But what is needed is a positive form of discourse. There is one. The central concept is that of "responsibility," which is at the heart of progressive/liberal morality (See Moral Politics). Progressive/liberal morality begins with empathy, the ability to understand others and feel what they feel. That is presupposed in responsibility-responsibility for oneself, for protection, for the care of those who need care, and for the community. Those were the values that we saw at work among the rescue workers in New York right after the attack. Responsibility requires competence and effectiveness. If you are to deal responsibly with terrorism, you must deal effectively with all its causes: religious, social, and enabling causes.

Africa Essay

Between 600-1450, Africa went from governments with increased wealth from trade with varying religious traditions, also with some beliefs of polytheism; to governments with extensive powerful bureaucracies with many people converting to Islam. the more advanced forms of government ,trade and local traditions however, remained constant. Prior to the introduction of Islam as a religion, there were various belief systems with animistic beliefs. There was also some polytheism as well as monotheism. all the traditional religions remained, although Islam became the more prominent religion. Islam became an important religion because of trade and umayyad conquest out of the middle East into North Africa . Islam also became the more important religion because of the Kings of Ghana and later Mali, who had converted because it benefited them in that they got more money. The conversion of authority figures influenced people to convert, as well as they were convinced by an authority figure . The introduction of Islam and the connection to trade routes in the Dar-Al-Islam marked a turning point for Africa. During this time, after the fall of Rome, the power vacuum then led to the Umayyad conquest out of the middle East into North Africa.Also West Africa’s connection to Northern Africa via Trans-Saharan trade by Berber nomads allowed for the spread o9f islam to sub-saharan Africa. Trade and conquest brought Islam to North Africa, making it a slow ,but widely growing religion in Africa at the time. After the introduction of islam and the connection of trade routes in the Dar-al-Islam, political changes were prominent within africa. The Qur’an also promotes trade as a blessing to humanity, so trade had increased steadily. Because of the increasing trade, organized governments increased considerably. Increased Trans-Saharan trade of gold for salt led to the need to regulate trade. it also led to increased wealth. the increased wealth in turn led to a more powerful government with an extensive bureaucracy and also led to the government controlling and taxing their trade routes. the kingdom of ghana fell and became the Empire of Mali which had control over the greater region. The kingdom of Ghana went from governments to stateless societies. Although africa went through many changes, there were still some continuities. for example, although people converted to Islam, it was a very slow process and initially it was only the kings and merchants were converting because it benefited them; local traditions were still prominent because of thousands of years of the local animistic beliefs being passed down. Most people still practiced animistic worship and rituals. Another continuity would be the advances in government. There were still many advancements in government because of the steady increases in population and the need for regulation. Another continuity would be how trade is constant throughout the area. This is because it is needed to increase wealth and grow the economy to increase the population.

Yogh - A Letter of the Alphabet in Middle English

Yogh  (Ê’)  was a  letter  of the alphabet in  Middle English. According to the editors of the American Heritage Dictionary, yogh was used to represent the sound (y) and the voiced and voiceless velar fricatives. Yogh can be found in the original manuscript of the late-14th-century romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight [Sir Gawayn and à ¾e Grene KnyÈ t], but the letter  died out during the 15th century. Middle English yogh was derived from the insular g in  Old English.  As explained below, the letter was pronounced in different ways according to a number of factors. Although the yogh has no exact equivalent today, it can  correspond to Modern English y as in yet, Modern English gh as in light, and Scottish English  ch as in loch. Examples and Observations The yogh ... asks us to make the sound that most Germans make when they say ich, which most Scots people make when they say loch, which most Welsh people make when they say bach, and which some Liverpudlians make when they say back. As the Old English said this kind of sound a good deal, it was very useful to have a letter for it. They had the Roman g which we see in the first line of Beowulf. The yogh was used in the Middle English period (late 12th-15th centuries) to represent the ch sound, perhaps as g had other work to do.(Michael Rose, Alphabetical: How Every Letter Tells a Story. Counterpoint, 2015)Pronunciations of Yogh in Middle EnglishYogh (Ê’) was pronounced in several different ways, according to its position in the word. Initially, yogh was pronounced like y, as in Modern English yet. It had the same sound after the vowels e, i, or y, for example in the Middle English words yÊ’e (eye) and hiÊ’e (high), which unlike their Modern English counterparts were pronounce d with two syllables. Within words or at the ends of words, yogh or gh sometimes represented the sound of w, as in folÊ’ed (followed), or innoÊ’e (enough), which we know from its use in rhyme was pronounced enow rather than with an f sound as in Modern English enough. Before t and after e, i, or y, yogh or gh was pronounced like ch in German ich (for example, in the Middle English ryÊ’t, right); before t and after a and o it was pronounced like the ch in Scottish loch or German Bach (for example, in Middle English soÊ’te, sought). It had the same value word-finally in the word à ¾aÊ’, though. However, at the ends of words, it more often represented the unvoiced sound of s as in Modern English sill--though it may also at times have represented the ​voiced sound of z as in Modern English zeal (Vantuona 176).(David Gould,  Pearl of Great Price: A Literary Translation of the Middle English Pearl. University Press of America, 2012)  The gh Pronunciation of Yogh - [I]n Old English, ... one of the sound values of the letter yogh was /x/. ... Words like niÊ’t, hiÊ’, burÊ’, miÊ’t and thoÊ’ were respelled by French scribes with a gh, so we get night, high, burgh, might and though as common spellings for these words in early Middle English. To begin with, the gh continued to be pronounced. When we read in the opening lines of The Canterbury Tales about the little birds sleeping all through the nyght, we need to take that spelling at face value and read it as /nIxt/, with the ch sound of Scots loch or Welsh bach. But the /x/ disappeared from southern English during the 15th and 16th centuries. North of the border, and in some other provincial accents, it stayed--hence modern Scots spellings such as moonlicht nicht.(David Crystal, Spell It Out. Picador, 2014)- [T]he breathy English g or y sound (once denoted by the English letter yogh) came to be spelled as GH. ... However, it was GHs bad luck to be left behind by subsequent, genera l changes in English pronunciation. Originally, in words like sight, although, cough, or enough, the Norman GH-spelling mirrored the medieval pronunciations. Yet these pronunciations later changed, variously, and today the whole family of English GH words is notoriously unphonetic in spelling--to the frustration of purists. ...(David Sacks,  Letter Perfect: The A-to-Z History of Our Alphabet. Knopf, 2010)- The digraph gh causes difficulty. It is commonly a relic of a velar or palatal fricative that is preserved as a velar fricative /x/ in Scots, as in bricht night (bright night). (1) It is normally silent after u as in taught, drought, naughty, thought, though, through, thorough, bough, and after i as in straight, weight, height, high, light, night. (2) It is pronounced /f/ in a few words such as cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough. (3) In the following place-names in England, each gh is different: Slough (rhymes with how), Keighley (Keethley), Loughborough (Luff-). (4)   In hicc ough, the gh was substituted for p (hiccup) in the mistaken belief that the word derived from cough. (5) It has disappeared in AmE draft, plow (formerly also used in BrE) and in dry, fly, sly, although preserved in the related nouns drought, flight, sleight. (6) It sometimes alternates with ch in related words: straight/stretch, taught/teach.(Tom McArthur,  Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2005)From Yogh to Zee in Scottish EnglishThe yogh owes its origin to the Irish scribes who arrived in Saxon Britain in the 8th Century and began teaching the Anglo-Saxons to write--before this, old English was written in runes ... .It fell out of favor with the Normans, whose scribes disliked non-Latin characters and replaced it with a y or g sound, and in the middle of words with gh. But the Scottish retained the yogh in personal and place names, albeit mutating into a z to please the typesetters of the day.Inevitably, however, the euphemistic z became a real z, in some quarters at least. The surname MacKenzie now almost universally takes the zee sound although it would have originally been pronounced MacKenyie.(Why is Menzies Pronounced Mingis? BBC News, January 10, 2006) Pronunciation: YOG or yoKH Also see: From A to Z: Quick Facts About the AlphabetKey Events in the History of the English LanguageSpelling